Since her return to Rwanda as a presidential candidate, Victoire Umuhoza Ingabire has animated media interest. The main issue in her campaign is her claim that “those who killed the Hutu in the 1994 genocide have not been tried.†This is another way of saying the Rwanda Patriotic Front (read the Tutsi) is guilty of genocide against the Hutu.
Many people expected Ingabire to be arrested. She has not, at least not yet. Ingabire is good analytically for those interested in African politics. Her claims have formed a decade-long academic obsession by scholars on Rwanda most of whom are either French or enjoyed close links to the government of the late Juvenal Habyarimana.
Ingabire’s main campaign theme demonstrates the major challenges African nations face in seeking to establish democratic systems. In the West, elites share an agreement on basic national values; there is a political culture built around shared beliefs that define the terms and scope of political discourse. Electoral campaigns are therefore guided by what is accepted as legitimate debate and what is not.
I currently live in the world’s leading democracy, the United States of America. Here, the terms of the debate are clear, violation of which generates strong societal sanctions. In the last campaigns, Barack Obama’s pastor, Jeremiah Wright, made remarks considered injurious to the national consensus. There was broad-based condemnation of Wright’s claims that forced Obama to disown him. Equally, if a politician in America denied the Jewish Holocaust; it would be their last day in politics. Every political party would denounce them; mainstream media would shun them, and most civic associations would follow suit.
Political elites in Africa lack these shared national values that define the nature and scope of political discourse. This partly explains why electoral competition degenerates into violence; victory is seen as a defeat of one group by another; not a triumph of one idea over another. Yet it is in our immature nations with less educated electorates where democracy demands a lot of responsibility from our leaders.
Were there Hutu civilians who died at the hands of the RPF in 1994? I think so. But this was never RPF’s official policy. Any soldier who killed innocent civilians was punished. Are there some who for some reason were not punished? Very likely! However, the broader point should not be ignored: RPF ended genocide in Rwanda. It became the moral conscience of the country in its moment of national catastrophe.
During the Second World War, it was the official policy of the Western allies to bomb centres of German civilisation and civilian settlement. Estimates suggest that more than four million German civilians were killed. Now just imagine a presidential campaign in Germany, UK or USA in 1960 where a candidate was saying: “Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt should be alongside Enrick Himmler and Herman Goering at Nuremburg for trial.†That candidate’s career would just die.
It is unacceptable to attempt to create moral equivalence of the crimes of the Nazis with those who saved Western civilisation from fascism. Churchill and Roosevelt, whatever their acts or omissions cannot be put in the same dock with Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini. Scholars like Gerald Punier and my own friend Prof. Rene Lermachand who argue genocide of the Tutsi against Hutu cannot make a similar argument in regard to Churchill and Roosevelt.
On 9/11, America lost 3,000 people at the hands of Al-Qaeda. In response, the US invaded Afghanistan and later Iraq to fight a “war on terrorâ€. Thousands of Iraqi and Afghanistan civilians have died in air raids. However, a politician in the US cannot last one day in politics if – on this basis – he equated George Bush to Osama bin Laden.
Therefore, for a presidential candidate in Rwanda to say those who ended genocide should share the dock with those who orchestrated it; that victims of genocide should be tried alongside its architects, is irresponsible, insensitive and not worth being a leader. Whatever their mistakes and miscalculations, the RPF sought to end genocide – just like the UK and US during the Second World War sought to defeat fascism.
Rwanda today faces a great opportunity of deepening its democracy and of expanding its spheres of free expression. But it equally confronts a challenge of how to pursue this vision without igniting the forces of ethnic polarisation that contributed with such vengeance to the fragmentation of society and allowed evil to almost dismember it.
Ingabire stands at an historical moment to assist the process of democratisation in Rwanda. This requires the ability to appreciate the fragility of the political settlement in the country. She needs to reassure those who feel endangered ethnically that there can be debate without stoking the fires of hatred. Even if she were to become “the†legitimate voice of opposition in Rwanda, her claims show that she lacks the strategic foresight to help consolidate the platform for free expression in that country.
Given the emotive power of ethnicity especially in Rwanda, it is easy to rally a political following by making ethnic claims. But it is also extremely dangerous. Those who desire to see growth of a strong and viable opposition in Rwanda need to be cognisant of this fact. But if the opposition that grows focuses on scaring those who hold the instruments of control, we can say kwaheri to the democratic experiment.
Rwandans have strong and burning policy issues to battle today – on economic growth, infrastructure, health, education, agriculture, industry, services, urban planning, corruption, housing, the quality and effectiveness of institutions of government – the list is endless. It seems that opposition politicians in Africa often lack the ability to offer a real alternative to incumbent regimes at the level of public policy. This possibly explains why they retreat to identity claims to secure political support.
Sadly for Ingabire, many countries in Africa can afford ethnic politics. Rwanda cannot. In ignoring the lessons of history, she is actually undermining the very process that allowed her to return home. Hopefully, the people of Rwanda will have the wisdom to look at the content of a candidate’s policy proposals not their ethnicity in making electoral choices.
This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it

written by Immaculate Nambi, February 24, 2010
written by Immaculate Nambi, February 24, 2010
written by Major Adam Kifaliso, February 24, 2010
written by gigi, February 24, 2010
written by hingabugabo, February 24, 2010
written by hingabugabo, February 24, 2010
written by FAUSTIN RUKUNDO, February 24, 2010
written by Sam, February 24, 2010
written by Kapipo, February 24, 2010
written by Wart, February 25, 2010
Good day.
written by Dian Kenneth, February 25, 2010
written by Dian Kenneth, February 25, 2010
written by Jespa , February 25, 2010
There si nothing wrong with what Nambi is saying . In a nutshell , she is simply wisely cautioning Mwenda and his followers that there is no simple answer when the question is : what come first , the egg or the chicken.
1994 was the first time Rwanda witnessed a massacre . Kagame and company should know why their parents left Rwanda in the first place . No one can predict what will happen if the causes of these massacres are not properly and openly investigated and publically discussed . Mwenda makes an imprudent mistake when he asserts that it was not the policy/ intention of PRA to start a massacre . Untill you study the reason why Habyalimana was short down , by who and for what reasons , you can never know .
written by Juma Kato, February 25, 2010
He forgets to mention that , given his past , USA would never vote General Paul Kagame , the man who commanded a rebel army that might have assasinated a President , even when it was known that shooting down that plane would definately trigger off a deadly re-action - a massacre .
written by Juma Kato, February 25, 2010
I find Kappo`s comment very interesting . Actually , Mwenda used to talk a lot on his live show before he left Uganda . Maybe , he has now forgotten that he used to argue that Museveni and his NRA should be investigated for their actions in Luwero . Mwenda never believed NRA´s claim that it did not kill civilians in Luwero or anywhere because " this was not NRA`s policy " . Same Mwenda has always said that UPDF should be called in to explain if they did not commit attrocities when they were fighting Kony.
written by Des.M, February 25, 2010
written by Ngaboy'Imanzi, February 25, 2010
written by boda boda, February 25, 2010
But let us not be fouled, where democracy is concerned old wounds will always be opened.
How many hutus lost their brothers, their sisters, husbands wives and children in wars of self glorifications under ruthless dictators.
dictatorship does not select people to oppress, all suffer at every cost of their justification. those who are accountable for the crimes commited must face justice, Same as M7 will one day face justice for his crimes with the ICC.
written by Rev Amos Kasibante, February 25, 2010
written by Andrew Mwenda, February 25, 2010
written by germain, February 25, 2010
and 2. Joseph Sebarenzi
written by germain, February 25, 2010
Rwanda, Where Souls Turn to Dust: My Journey from Exile to Legacy
by Patrick Ha Um'khonde Patrick Habamenshi
God Sleeps in Rwanda: A Journey of Transformation
Joseph Sebarenzi
By the way these are people who worked with the RPF. Again please don't compare Kagame to Mandela. It's very misleading.
written by germain, February 25, 2010
written by dre, February 25, 2010
written by dre, February 25, 2010
written by Paul Muwanga, February 26, 2010
written by Politi Fact, February 26, 2010
written by sunkissed, February 26, 2010
written by sunkissed, February 26, 2010
written by sunkissed, February 26, 2010
written by sunkissed, February 26, 2010
written by Colored Opinions, February 26, 2010
written by Lakwena, February 26, 2010
written by police, February 26, 2010
written by Lakwena, February 26, 2010
written by john, February 26, 2010
written by Gakiire, February 26, 2010
I do highly believe that Rwandese should stop the blame game cos whatever happened, happened, so, this is the time 4 soul searching and move fast forward coz Rwanda's history is very ugly to mingle and apprehend. we have no single time but to own our ERRORS and MISTAKES and seek profound remedies.
we living interdependent age were separation can't lead us anywhere!!!
written by francis, February 26, 2010
written by Eric Brown, February 26, 2010
written by Eric Brown, February 26, 2010
written by Diana Roseberg, February 26, 2010
The Hutu Army kiilled hutu politicians who challenged them politically notable among was the Prime minister Agathe Uwilingiyimana.
Hutu interahmwe also killed each other when fighting over looted spoils from their victims.So should we blame the R.P.F for that also?
written by Diana Roseberg, February 26, 2010
written by Rwangombwa John, February 26, 2010
written by germain, February 26, 2010
Maybe you need to read "what they don't tell you about Rwanda" by Yash Ghai
http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/InsidePage.php?id=1144025632&catid=4&a=1
the full report can be found on the link below;
http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/publications/hradvocacy/ rwanda's_application_for_membership_of_the_commonwealth
Now if an outsider can make such an observation do you think the people are so stupid not to know what's going on? Is this the silence you are advocating for?
written by germain, February 26, 2010
actually I can give you another one Twagiramungu, the only one still alive
written by Eric Brown, February 27, 2010
written by jordan, February 27, 2010
M7 and kagame shot their way to power and fame and they are all birds of the same feather, you are rwanda spokesperson, why cant we confront Issues facing us in uganda instead everybody jumping on rwanda bandwagon to debate issues which dont concern us. lets face the truth Our home is under fire, why run to the neighbour home to put out their fire, what GOOD will this rwanda debate do for us ugandans, will it put food on our table? or breed another M7 from rwanda to save us? It is same ugandans who throw accusations on rwanda for supporting NRA war now you are gloryifying kagame,
written by Daina Roseberg, February 27, 2010
When Sendashonga was interior minister,(just like many hutu politicians), he instead used the retaliation event as a stand point to adverse his political ambitions with the aim to challenge the new Kagame administration.That is tantamount to closing the chapter of any re conciliatory effort.
written by Daina Roseberg, February 27, 2010
Iam a jew and if my ancestors were to live side by side with the Nazis and their German neighbours in the wake of the Holocaust,i can't imagine what would have stopped the cycle of violence.But this is what Kagame and his men were obligated to stop.Stand between raw anger and logic and ofcourse logic took the day.
About Congo,please don't be naive.Any Country has got the right to defend it's territorial integrity and if the Congo can't solve the hutu militia sanctuary in the eastern congo,what would you expect the kigali regime to do? Sit back and wait for the mercy of the genocidaires?
written by thadeus mabasi, February 27, 2010
written by Ocheto, February 27, 2010
written by mugabem, February 28, 2010
written by Safali, March 01, 2010
I have read Immaculate's comments on Mwenda's article and the ones of those who think like her and my conclusion is that for Immaculate, she is probably in some competetion with Andrew for she never seems to agree with anything he writes. Some of her arguments, of course, sometimes make sense and I guess that is why Andrew has sometimes come back to clarify himself. I did not , however, anticipate that a person of her intelligence would have the guts to defend the perpetuators of the genocide under the guise of "unresolves issues". Could she tell us exactly what those issues are?
I hope she does not suscribe to this notion that those who fought for their right to return to their home country are responsible for what happened!
written by Immaculate Nambi, March 01, 2010
In response to your comment, I feel I should give you some personal information about me; I am a 25 year old Uganda who in spite of being plagued by a great sense of cynicism as far as Uganda is concerned, will every now and then care enough for a subject to comment on it. Sometimes the comment will be a criticism of a portrayal of facts/opinions that I'm not in agreement with. I also happen to have plenty of time on wednesdays, hence my dropping a line in response to Mr. Mwenda's articles every so often.
That is really the short and long of why I comment to this, or any other article. As far as unresolved issues in Rwanda go, I suggest that you look no further than Mr. Mwenda's article.
written by j.busingye, March 01, 2010
written by Francis Muhoozi, March 01, 2010
Mwenda please enjoy Kagame blood dollars in peace, but not on the Hutu blood! Give us a break!!!
written by Germain, March 01, 2010
written by Poppy, March 01, 2010
written by B.Sabiti, March 02, 2010
written by B.Sabiti, March 02, 2010
written by Daina Roseberg, March 02, 2010
Those who cant watch but can read,then have this http://www.guardian.co.uk/worl...ngo.rwanda
written by germain, March 03, 2010
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8544564.stm
Bosco ntaganda was in the bush with Kagame in 1994, and as everyone knows he still works for him. Or you may man to check the commonwealth human rights report on rwanda;
http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/publications/hradvocacy/ rwanda's_application_for_membership_of_the_commonwealth
In short there is no way you are going to convince anyone of your ridiculous view that half a million rwandese lives are worth more than 5 - 6 congolese lives. unless of course you have a personal vandator in all this.
written by germain, March 03, 2010
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8544564.stm
Bosco ntaganda was in the bush with Kagame in 1994, and as everyone knows he still works for him. Or you may man to check the commonwealth human rights report on rwanda;
http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/publications/hradvocacy/ rwanda's_application_for_membership_of_the_commonwealth
In short there is no way you are going to convince anyone of your ridiculous view that half a million rwandese lives are worth more than 5 - 6 congolese lives. unless of course you have a personal vandator in all this.
written by germain, March 03, 2010
cheers
written by Don, March 03, 2010
written by Innocent, March 03, 2010
My full comments on Mwenda’s article are so detailed and would take too much space here. That’s why I’ve made them available in another article titled: http://rwandinfo.com/eng/rejoi...aviour”/
written by erick, March 04, 2010
written by Buyinza Alex, March 06, 2010
written by Dian Kenneth, March 09, 2010
I particularly mentioned that I am not conversant with the Rwanda issue; that is why, my comment has been rather limited on Rwanda but general on war crimes. You can call it a genocide or anything, but to me, anyone who has committed a war crime should be tried. You have a problem with that? then again sorry!!! Until justice is equally applied, there may be no peace in Rwanda and that is the point most of us are putting across here. Your attempts to stiffle this debate can only be counter-productive therefore.
written by Dian Kenneth, March 09, 2010
written by Ntare OB, March 17, 2010
written by Ntare OB, March 17, 2010
written by Kayumba David, April 12, 2010
Rwandans should learn to appreciate the fact that Tutsi, Hutu and Twa is all good.
written by TJ, April 15, 2010
If ingabire wants to talk about this, Let her do it. Apart from being a politician she is first of all a citizen of Rwanda. Whatever she says, crap or sense, Let the People Decide! Kenneth Matiba said this.
Usually incumbents like to create a false scenario that a country is too young for things like Open Speech. Open speech brings dialogue, debate and out of this, the truth can be easily seen.
Finally, Rwandese are quite capale of choosing one to lead them. Let them have all the choice they can. Anyone who thinks they are not ready must be somewhere 'eating' and thus wants the status quo to stand.







